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Covariant Return Type

    The covariant return type indicates that the return type may vary in a direction similar to that of the subclass.

    Changing the return type was not a supported method overriding strategy prior to Java 5. However, since Java 5, it is now possible to override a method by altering the return type. This is true if a subclass overrides a method whose return type is Non-Primitive but changes it to a subclass type.





    We quickly learn that "overriding," which a programmer initially learned while learning polymorphism in Java, can be done either by virtue of different datatypes or arguments passed to a function. A method could not be overridden by altering the return type prior to JDK 5.0. The name, argument types, and return type of a method that is being overridden in a child class must exactly match those of the parent class method. The overriding method was claimed to be return type invariant.

    Since Java version 5.0, it is possible for a child class' overriding method to have a different return type as long as it is a subtype of the parent's return type. With regard to return type, the overriding method becomes different.






Advantages of Covariant Return Type

  • Covariant return types make the code more usable, readable, and maintainable by preventing the confusing type casts in the class hierarchy.
  • The covariant return type gives method overriding the freedom to have more direct return types.
  • Run-time ClassCastExceptions on returns are reduced with covariant return types.

1.Example of Covariant Return Type





Java example of Covariant Return Type
 // Java example of Covariant Return Type 
class A  {  

}  
class B extends A {  
 
}    
class C { 
	// Method of this class is  A class return type
    A fun(){  
    	System.out.println("Class A");
		return  new A();  
    }   
}
class D extends C{
    // Method of this class is  B class return type
    B fun(){
        System.out.println("Class B");
        return new B();
    }
}  
public class Main{  
    // main method  
    public static void main(String args[]) {  
         C c=new C();
         c.fun();
         D d=new D();
         d.fun();
    }  
} 



Output:

Class A 
Class B 

2.Example of Covariant Return Type


Java example of Covariant Return Type
 // Java example of Covariant Return Type 
class A{  
    A  fun(){  
        return this;  
    }       
    void Display()  {  
        System.out.println("Inside class A ");  
    }  
}  
class B extends A {  
    @Override  
    B fun(){  
        return this;  
    }      
    void Display(){  
        System.out.println("Inside class B");  
    }  
}  
class C extends B{  
    @Override  
    B fun()  {  
        return this;  
    }      
    @Override  
    void Display(){  
        System.out.println("Inside class C");  
    }  
}  
  
public class Main{  
    // main method  
    public static void main(String argvs[]){  
       A a = new A();         
       a.fun().Display();  
         
       B b = new B();  
       b.fun().Display();  
         
       C c = new C();     
       c.fun().Display();  
         
    }  
} 



Output:

Inside class A  
Inside class B  
Inside class C  
Instance initializer block Next »
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